Sociological Theories Have Huge Range And Goals - 1453 Words

Classical sociological theories have huge range and goals to deal with social phenomena. The roots of these classical theories belong to historical forces that developed during the early 1800s in Europe due to industrial revolution (Barbalet, J 2013). The chaos and social disorder was resulted through the series of such as French Revolution. Many important sociologists such as Emile Durkheim a famous functionalist played a key role in the development of sociology. Their ideas are still relevant to sociological theories today because they have a wide range of application to deal with important social issues. Emile Durkheim stated that social disorders produced by social changes can be reduced through necessary changes (Barbalet, J 2013). In†¦show more content†¦The authors Baris, and Tosun (2011) said that Internet has reduced geographical distance and fast communication. For example, people communicate through digital forms of communication such as social network sites, inst ant messaging and text messages due to time shortage and distance in a capitalist society. The Internet is also a resource for information that allows users to upload, download and publish ideas to large audiences. Additionally, this availability and accessibility to information via the Internet has transformed the world into a global village and with little time consumption, major tasks can be performed through the Internet. This widely spread of the Internet around the globe has created job opportunities and expanded the work circle and revolutionized the way business is done, such as online shopping, Internet banking etc. The Internet has also introduced tremendous flexibility in the education sector. However, this boom in world-wide digital communication is widely accepted and helpful but it has created a sort of â€Å"disconnect† and negativity in real life relationships (Baris, and Tosun 2011). For example, people are spending less time with family and friends that caus ed decrease in social ties, this can be an example on Durkheim who said mainly unmarried males are susceptible to suicide, people with less personal relationships people become more likely to

Ethical Framework Decision Making Process Essay

Ethical Framework to Decision-making Process Slide 2: Introduction All employees (including the company executives) should be guided by moral principles and ethical values when making decisions (Balc Simionescu, 2012). The ability of executives to make ethical decisions can be influenced by their cognitive bias (Zeni, Buckley, Mumford Griffith, 2015). Utilitarianism is one of the frameworks that can be used to address ethical dilemmas. Utilitarianism holds that decision makers should take alternatives that maximize the happiness of the majority of the stakeholders (Choe Min, 2011 and Marques, 2015). This presentation will discuss how the 8-step ethical decision making process can be applied when addressing a dilemma using the utilitarianism framework. The presentation will also guide the executives of Toyota on how to address the negative publicity associated with the production of cars with faulty acceleration system. Slide 3: Real Life Potential Ethical Dilemma An ethical dilemma arises when there is a conflict between the interest of the company and the rest of the stakeholders (Withey, 2012). Toyota is a profit making company that released millions of cars into the market without knowing that they could accelerate themselves suddenly. The Congress was mandated to investigate the matter, but 40 out of the 125 members of the relevant committee had received campaign funds from Toyota (BBC Worldwide Americas, Inc., 2015). 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The balance is a delicate and often complex. It requires a close examination or critically thinking, of all the issues not just within yourself, but the community as a whole, the individuals within it, and the client population that the social work serves. TheRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics And Its Ethical Standards Essay1311 Words   |  6 Pageswhere first created in the 1960s and have been updated regularly since then. The Code of Ethics is an ethical benchmark for investment professionals around the world. The standar ds have generally been adopted regardless of job function, cultural differences and various laws that differ from country to country. As a CFA member, you are obligated to adhere to the code and its ethical standards. 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Cloud Computing ABC Payrolls

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing for ABC Payrolls. Answer: Introduction: ABC is a company that deals with the data entry about Payrollss, tax information and accounting data of different clients such as small business organization, individuals, sole traders, etc. The company needs to implement cloud infrastructure for managing their data and information and accessing them from anywhere. SaaS is a cloud service based on software application (Almorsy, Grundy Ibrahim, 2014). Software as a Service or SaaS would help ABC Payrolls with the standardization of software installation in their business environment. The end user of cloud service has to build a server to install and configure the application. Benefits of Software as a Service in ABC Payrolls Less time utilization for operations- SaaS provides the benefit of time saving in business operations for ABC Payrolls. It is a traditional model of cloud computing (Gibson et al., 2012). Hence, the software or application for cloud services is already been configured and installed for use. The users of ABC Payrolls would get the advantage of server provision as they can get the application ready in just few hours and instances. It reduces the time wasted for configuration and installation of the software. The issues that hinder the software deployment process can be reduced by using SaaS cloud service like delay in configuration and lack of necessary software. Lower Costs- SaaS has a lower cost of utilization and application and it can help ABC Payrolls for cost estimating (Almorsy, Grundy Ibrahim, 2014). The cloud service usually resides in a shared multiple environments for SaaS of ABC Payrolls. The cost of getting license for software and hardware of cloud network is nominal in compared to the traditional model of data storage. The overall maintenance cost can be very low for applying cloud services in ABC Payrolls (Zhang et al., 2014). The environment is owned by the SaaS provider and they can share is with customers using services of the cloud provider. Ease of usage- SaaS offers an easy and complete solution to data storage for ABC. The users of ABC Payrolls can easily complete the conceptual proofs and test the functionality of the software provided by SaaS cloud service (Gibson et al., 2012). It would take one instance for ABC Payrolls for smoothly migrating to different versions and upgrading the services. The SaaS can be beneficial for application for large business operations and environment of ABC Payrolls. SaaS even offers a testing the software before purchasing it. It would help users of ABC Payrolls for using the software and getting accustomed to their applications before buying it. Challenges of SaaS implementation in ABC Payrolls SaaS implementation in ABC Payrolls has main limitation of security constraints. ABC Payrolls wants a seamless integration in between SaaS cloud service and their non cloud premise applications for their business operations. The security issues are the main reasons that have prevented the use of SaaS cloud services. Some of the security flaws of SaaS cloud service that ABC Payrolls could face are, Immature identification of management- ABC Payrolls should understand that SaaS cloud service providers do not take care about the integration of their platform for identity services (Zissis Lekkas, 2012). The enterprise firewall consists of identity services that could prevent any external interference to the cloud service. However there are some third party technologies that could get into the cloud structure. Weak Standards of cloud structure- SaaS uses SAS 70 auditing design that would show the vendors about the security measures and data controls (Kshetri, 2013). However, the design is not perfect and there are some issues with the design. Hence, ABC Payrolls could face problems in data storage over SaaS cloud network. Differentiating between migration and implementation of IaaS cloud service in ABC Payrolls Figure 2: Factors affecting IaaS cloud migration and implementation (Source: Lian, Yen Wang, 2014, pp-35) The differences between the migration of current infrastructure to IaaS and implementation of IaaS are, Factors Migration to IaaS Cloud from on-premise system Implementing IaaS from start Cost Less cost as most of the devices can be used Cost is more as all the equipment have to be bought from the beginning Complexity More complex as both the non cloud and cloud equipments have to be managed and operated Less complex when compared to migration as only cloud equipments have to be managed and operated Performance Performance is very good as data and information are stored by using both traditional and cloud techniques (Lian, Yen Wang, 2014) Performance lags as the business operations are completely dependent on cloud services Reliability The method is very reliable as both traditional and cloud method is used for operations Less reliable due to lack of security and presence of some flaws in structure (Zissis Lekkas, 2012) Scale Scaling factor is low as the traditionally stored data is migrated to cloud network Scaling factor is as high as the capacity of the cloud environment (Ghosh et al., 2014) Supporting Application Number of supporting applications both cloud structure (for Data, Applications, platform for operations, and infrastructure) and non cloud (computers, mainframes, minicomputers, and mobile devices) Only cloud supporting applications as the structure supported is Data, Applications, platform for operations, and infrastructure (Da Cunha Rodrigues et al., 2016) Ability to meet future demands Since, the migration involves modifying current on premise structure to cloud structure. Hence, the new system could modify in future also for meeting the needs and demands in future Upgrades and updates are useful for getting newer and latest techniques for operations and applications (Kshetri, 2013). However, the structure would not be able to meet demand that is not related with cloud services. Others It would help in retaining the employees of trust and providing them work satisfaction. The employees knowing how to operate non cloud techniques could be benefitted by this method All the employees who do not know how to operate cloud services would have to be terminated. Hence it would cause growth of hatred and ill feelings towards the system. Table 1: Comparison of various factors for differentiating Implementation and Migration to IaaS (Source: Created by the author) Introduce IaaS in ABC Payrolls The migration of ongoing premise infrastructure to IaaS cloud services would be the best way for introducing IaaS in ABC Payrolls. Migration of IaaS is cost effective, reliable, support various applications and meets the changes in the future demands (Zhang et al., 2014). Hence, ABC Payrolls can migrate to IaaS cloud service easily without exhausting much of resources. It would also help in managing the working ethics and social responsibility of the company. ABC Payrolls can provide some training to the current employees for making them aware of the process of the using cloud services. Therefore the loyal and trustworthy employees would be retained by ABC Payrolls. References Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Ibrahim, A. S. (2014). Adaptable, model-driven security engineering for SaaS cloud-based applications.Automated software engineering,21(2), 187-224. Da Cunha Rodrigues, G., Calheiros, R. N., Guimaraes, V. T., Santos, G. L. D., de Carvalho, M. B., Granville, L. Z., ... Buyya, R. (2016, April). Monitoring of cloud computing environments: concepts, solutions, trends, and future directions. InProceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing(pp. 378-383). ACM. Ghosh, R., Longo, F., Frattini, F., Russo, S., Trivedi, K. S. (2014). Scalable analytics for iaas cloud availability.IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing,2(1), 57-70. Gibson, J., Rondeau, R., Eveleigh, D., Tan, Q. (2012, November). Benefits and challenges of three cloud computing service models. InComputational Aspects of Social Networks (CASoN), 2012 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 198-205). IEEE. Kshetri, N. (2013). Privacy and security issues in cloud computing: The role of institutions and institutional evolution.Telecommunications Policy,37(4), 372-386. Lian, J. W., Yen, D. C., Wang, Y. T. (2014). An exploratory study to understand the critical factors affecting the decision to adopt cloud computing in Taiwan hospital.International Journal of Information Management,34(1), 28-36. Zhang, S., Zhang, X., Ou, X. (2014, June). After we knew it: empirical study and modeling of cost-effectiveness of exploiting prevalent known vulnerabilities across iaas cloud. InProceedings of the 9th ACM symposium on Information, computer and communications security(pp. 317-328). ACM. Zissis, D., Lekkas, D. (2012). Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), 583-592.

Online Classes Essay Example Essay Example

Online Classes Essay Example Paper Online Classes Essay Introduction Online Classes Online Classes Essay Body Paragraphs Online Classes Online Classes Online Classes Online Classes Introduction Evolution is a continuous process in the world today. Technologies are improved by the day and industries have to keep up with these advancements. The same applies for institutions as society is in the digital age. Basic computer skills have become the benchmark of learning today as automation is taking over all sectors. Technology can now be incorporated in schools as educators feel the urge to be part of an advancing world. The use of these emerging technologies influences the way they continue to develop. This brings to light, the effect of both educational technology and technology in education. These segments seem similar but are quite different. Technology in education refers to the utilization of technological equipment in classrooms to aid in the learning process. These could be televisions, DVDs, radios and projectors, which are used to support the existing classroom set-ups. This should not be limited to the aspect of hardware, as it may give an inaccurate the idea of the theory. Educational technology refers to how technology is incorporated into the classrooms, and the repercussions or benefits it might have to the existing school curriculum. Here, the concept of online classes and the effect that it has on the current school curriculum is observed. It is implemented in the school district of Philadelphia. Over the years, the incorporation of technology has been minimal in the educational sector. The crucial question raised is whether the incorporation of online classes causes an improvement in the teaching techniques of the educator or increases the achievements of the students. There are several variables that come to play with the introduction of online classes. Some of these variables include educators understanding of the online class concept, computer literacy, curriculum content, the ability to effectively present the course online and ready access of the students to the program. These are just some of the factors that need to be considered during implementation. Literature Review Adoption of this technology is best done in phases. The adjustment to using this technology was implemented in both the students and teachers through a systematic process. There are different perspectives that could be used, but the most influential was the contemporary perspective. The conventional perspective emphasized on the teachers’ instruction technology, which as a result, limited the effective manifestation of the model. The contemporary perspective emphasizes on the students and their benefit from it. This helps in the full attainment of the benefits that come with this model as it reaches the evolution stage. The concepts of the online classes are implemented in a five-step process. The phases are familiarization, utilization, integration, reorientation and evolution. The chronological order of theses phases are extremely crucial in the effective implementation of the organizational concept. It ensures that the b enefits are fully optimized. Going contrary to this means that there will be loopholes in the system. Familiarization is done in order to expose both the educator and their students to the new technology for the first time (Hooper and Rieber, n.d). Over time, they are able to learn and become well acquainted with the technology. This phase sets the pace for the others to take place. Utilization is the second stage and involves being practical and putting the technology to practical implementation. Discovering how the online classes should operate attempts to make the students obtain a deeper understanding of the concept. After utilization, the integration stage follows. Here, the educator has a full understanding of the technology and can comfortably set up classes that can be incorporated into the school curriculum. This means that it becomes an integral part of the educator’s lifestyle and its removal renders the personnel ineffective. This is a sign that the educator has f ully adopted the new teaching technique and is ready to impart the knowledge on the students using constructivism (Yoder, 2006). In most cases, conventional adoption would have stopped at this point. The contemporary viewpoint incorporates reorientation and evolution. In this stage, emphasis is placed on the reconsiderations of the main objectives of the classroom. It entails reanalyzing the existing system and changing the old-fashioned way of thinking to embrace the new technology. This makes the students increasingly interactive, as the students are able to alert the educators on a few things they may have missed (Passey, Goodison, Great Britain., University of Lancaster. 2004). Evolution is simply the final stage that signifies the existence of an infinite technology cycle. As long as there is continued innovation, technology will slowly be absorbed in the educational system. From the incorporation of the online classes, it is clear that there exists resistance by some educator s, as they lack the willpower to adapt to the evolution of the educational system. In other cases, there was commendable adaptation to the online classes, which helped the students greatly understand the concepts as they deepened their thinking skills through the online interactions (Wenglinsky, 2006). This aided students in revision of the concepts that were initially taught. There was increased flexibility as the students did not always have to be present in a physical classroom; all they needed was access to the internet via a functioning computer and learning would continue remotely. This has a massive impact on the organizational culture of the institution. The better it is incorporated, the faster the system of online classes is fully implemented by the institution. Application Incorporating the technology has led to several improvements within the school district. The inclusion of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the school curriculums has led to reduced storage space. The use of ICT means that there is less paperwork, therefore, the large storage rooms are used for different purposes. It also meant that there was renovation of the existing classes in order to allow setting up of the equipments for the improved technology. Communication becomes fast and increasingly efficient within the premises as the use of emails is spontaneous and video conferencing makes it fast. The major disadvantage of this is the cost incurred in the implementation of the new technology. Initial cost of purchasing the equipment is high, and there is a level of job insecurity among the educators. Inclusion of the new technology would mean that if the personnel were not willing to learn, they would be easily replaced. Resistance by some of the educators would mean that their teaching might not be as effective as before. Lack of job security would lead to a divide among the teaching personnel depending on their literacy levels. There is also a reduced level of social interaction as communication can be done remotely. Application of the technology gives increased insight into the organization, as there are elements of the organization that are discovered. Such factors are the organization’s culture, structure, and values. Embracing online classes means that these elements are affected in one way or the other. For instance, the technology can be used to bypass normal protocol methods. As such, a subordinate teacher can surpass their immediate authority and deal directly with the head teacher. This is also seen in the organizational culture, as interactions may not be as frequent as they were because of remote communication by emails. Infusion of the technology had both positive and negative implications. For starters, there is an improved learning experience as the integration of the online classes help revitalize the learning process. It enhances computer literacy levels among the students and teachers as it involves researching an d preparing of presentations (Passey, Goodison, Great Britain University of Lancaster, 2004). Another positive impact is flexibility. This is advantageous to both the educator and student as a learning session can be prepared remotely by the teacher and the students will still benefit, irrespective of their location. By utilizing conferencing tools, active student-teacher interaction is still upheld. Conclusion The major problem with online classes is that it poses a risk of no learning to those who do not have self-motivation or are not under supervision. Home-schooled students, if not properly scrutinized, can easily miss the sessions and end up ignoring them altogether. There are also higher chances of distractions as the internet is a powerful tool, which possesses many distractions. These include from pop-up advertisements to online games. If one is not keen to learn, then there is a great deal of intendance during online classes than there is in the actual classroom scenario. Consequently, there could be minimal learning taking place. In retrospect, some of these distractions can be used to the benefit of the learning process. Introducing educative games into the curriculum would enhance learning skills among the students because they are both fun and educative. Another proposition is that of using simulations that will stimulate the mind and give students a visual representation, therefore, increasing participation through online blended learning programs (Edmonds and Li, 2005). It is through continual re-evaluation and revision of the online classes that there would be growth in the quest of fully embracing technology in education. References Edmonds, K., Li, Q. (2005). Teaching At-Risk Students with Technology: Teachers’ Beliefs, Experiences, and Strategies for Success. Hooper, S., Rieber, L. P. (n.d.). Teaching with technology. Retrieved from http://www.nowhereroad.com/twt/ Passey, D., Goodison, R., Great Britain., University of Lancaster. (2004). The motivational effect of ICT on pupils. Annesley, Nottingham: DfES Publications. Wenglinsky, H. â€Å"Technology and Achievement: The Bottom Line†, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development – Educational Leadership. Retrieved from http://www.hccsc.k12.in.us/technology/tip/Teachers’%20Academy/The%20Bottom%20Line .pdf Yoder, M. B. (2006). Adventures in Electronic Constructivism. Learning Leading with Technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Online Classes Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Freefall

Why does a baseball that is thrown follow a parabolic path? This question is central to the study of projectile motion. Galileo was one of the first to study projectile motion. He correctly deduced that part of the motion of a projectile (such as the baseball) was accelerated and part of its motion was uniform. Suppose that a bullet is loaded into the barrel of a gun. Another identical bullet is held at the same height as the bullet in the barrel of the gun. At the moment that the bullet is fired from the gun, the held bullet is dropped. Which hits the ground first? The correct answer? They both hit the ground at the same time! According to Newton's first law of motion (the law of inertia), the bullet fired from the gun will continue in motion at the same speed unless acted upon by an outside force. The horizontal motion of the fired bullet is constant. The downward motion of both bullets is the same as a body in free-fall. Vertically, both bullets are uniformly accelerated by gravity. Both bullets are identical and are dropped from the same height. The only thing that makes the bullets hit the ground is gravity, and it acts on both the same. The result - both bullets hit the ground at the same time. The curved path of the baseball, or any projected object, is the result of both of these two motions occurring simultaneously. The projectile's horizontal motion is constant and its vertical motion is accelerated by gravity. Demonstration Horizontal Motion of a Projectile Imagine that a ball is launched horizontally at 2 m/s. Calculate its position at 0.05 sec intervals. time in seconds position in centimeters 0.05 sec 10 cm 0.10 sec 20 cm 0.15 sec 30 cm 0.20 sec 40 cm 0.25 sec 50 cm 0.30 sec 60 cm 0.35 sec 70 cm 0.40 sec 80 cm 0.45 sec 90 cm 0.50 sec 100 cm Vertical Motion of a Projectile Hang strings with washers on the ends on a meter stick representing the vertical motion of a ball in free fall at 0.05 ... Free Essays on Freefall Free Essays on Freefall Why does a baseball that is thrown follow a parabolic path? This question is central to the study of projectile motion. Galileo was one of the first to study projectile motion. He correctly deduced that part of the motion of a projectile (such as the baseball) was accelerated and part of its motion was uniform. Suppose that a bullet is loaded into the barrel of a gun. Another identical bullet is held at the same height as the bullet in the barrel of the gun. At the moment that the bullet is fired from the gun, the held bullet is dropped. Which hits the ground first? The correct answer? They both hit the ground at the same time! According to Newton's first law of motion (the law of inertia), the bullet fired from the gun will continue in motion at the same speed unless acted upon by an outside force. The horizontal motion of the fired bullet is constant. The downward motion of both bullets is the same as a body in free-fall. Vertically, both bullets are uniformly accelerated by gravity. Both bullets are identical and are dropped from the same height. The only thing that makes the bullets hit the ground is gravity, and it acts on both the same. The result - both bullets hit the ground at the same time. The curved path of the baseball, or any projected object, is the result of both of these two motions occurring simultaneously. The projectile's horizontal motion is constant and its vertical motion is accelerated by gravity. Demonstration Horizontal Motion of a Projectile Imagine that a ball is launched horizontally at 2 m/s. Calculate its position at 0.05 sec intervals. time in seconds position in centimeters 0.05 sec 10 cm 0.10 sec 20 cm 0.15 sec 30 cm 0.20 sec 40 cm 0.25 sec 50 cm 0.30 sec 60 cm 0.35 sec 70 cm 0.40 sec 80 cm 0.45 sec 90 cm 0.50 sec 100 cm Vertical Motion of a Projectile Hang strings with washers on the ends on a meter stick representing the vertical motion of a ball in free fall at 0.05 ...

11 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You

11 Pieces of Career Advice No One Tells You Most people have decent jobs. They get up in the morning, grind out their 9-5, head home, and then do it all over again the next day. There’s nothing wrong with simply having a job. You need a job for food, clothes, shelter, etc. But if you’re someone that is looking for something more , and you’re stuck in a 9-5 rut, then you’re probably not happy with just having a job.You’ve probably noticed videos all over your social media showcasing successful people talking about their passion and how that connects to their success.For instance, successful people like Warren Buffet believe that the key to success is finding your passion. And while that may sound cliche and cheesy, we should remember that these people get up every morning, excited for the day. They look at every day as a new opportunity to affect thousands of people through their work. Clearly, these people are onto something.Here is what they understand that the average person doesn’t. Â  Source: [medium.com]

High rate of STI in Juveniles can patient teaching decrease Essay

High rate of STI in Juveniles can patient teaching decrease reoccurance - Essay Example e increased risks of contracting the disease from the street and the GLBT and African-American population have higher chances of getting syphilis, gonorrhea and other STIs than the rest of the US population. It has been estimated that as much as 71 percent of the black juvenile population had gonorrhea in 2008, while 21 percent of homeless youth were identified with STIs (CDC, 2009). To change the present scenario and educate these youth about the risks and prevalence of STI, it is proposed that not only should this problem be addressed in schools and town hall meetings- giving information about these diseases, risk factors and how to avoid contracting them- but also by starting free clinics where these STIs can be reported confidentially and cured through conventional means. STIs should be viewed as a social problem that affects certain populations more than others, but being aware of the risk factors and taking adequate precautions can prevent their occurrence and reoccurrence, rather than having to deal with their symptoms at a later stage. The benefits to the healthcare environment would be profound. By educating not only the youth and adolescents but also part of the adult population that consist of their family members and friends though lectures and pamphlets, we can help decrease both the prevalence and reoccurrence of STIs in the local community. Taking our clinics to the streets to help homeless and runaway juveniles will also help reduce prevalence and reoccurrence and educate them in making better life choices. It is better not to have sex than risk contracting STIs due to unprotected sex, sharing needles and so

The Importance of Retail Information Systems Research Paper

The Importance of Retail Information Systems - Research Paper Example In a highly competitive environment, effective customer services as well as relevant products to the consumers assume a high position in retailers’ priority list in the event of profit maximization. One of the most effective ways to ensure relevant product and effective services to the customer is through collection of information regarding the customer, analyzing that information and finally placing the analyzed information into work by aiding in decision making processes. (Stair, 2010) Information systems include systems that deals with the process of raw data from databases, file storage and file sources to information which are later used by middle level, top level and operational level managers in decision making thus improving their output to the consumers inform of better services and relevant products which in turn increases their returns and profit. (Stair, 2010) Information systems and organizations influence one another. According to Lucey, Information systems are built by managers to serve the interest of their firms. At the same time organizations must be aware of and open to the influences from information systems to benefit from new technologies. The interaction between information technology, information systems and organizations is very complex and is influenced by many mediating factors, including the organization structure, business processes, politics, culture, surrounding environment and management decisions. (2005) All modern organizations have bureaucracies with clear-cut divisions of labor and specialization. The main reason for organization’s failure in implementing information systems is inability to

With diagrams compare Essay Example for Free

With diagrams compare Essay This type of communication is between the sender and the receiver is known as connectionless (rather than dedicated) Contrasted with packet-switched is circuit-switched, a type of network such as the regular voice telephone network in which the communication circuit (path) for the call is set up and dedicated to the participants in that call. For the duration of the connection, all the resources on that circuit are unavailable for other users. Voice calls using the Internets packet-switched system are possible. Each end of the conversation is broken down into packets that are reassembled at the other end. The principles of packet switching are as follow. Messages are divided into data packets, which are then directed through the network to their destination under computer control. Besides a message portion, each packet contains data concerning. The principles of packet switching are as follow. Messages are divided into data packets, which are then directed through the network to their destination under computer control. Besides a message portion, each packet contains data concerning: Â  The destination of the address; Â  The source identification; The sequence of the packet in the complete message; Â  The detection and control of transmission errors. Â  Pre-determined routing. With this method, the routing details are included in the packet itself, each switching exchange forwarding the packet according to the embedded instructions; Â  Directory routing. Each switching exchange has a copy of a routing table to which it refers before forwarding each packet. The appropriate output queue is determined from the table and the packet destination Diagram shown below: Identify three types of cabling used in data communication. State which one you would recommend in an implement requiring high security consideration and why? The three types of cables used in data communication are: Optical Fiber Coaxial Coaxial cable is a copper that is used by TV companies between the community antenna, and also the user homes and businesses. At times these cable are also used by telephone companies from their central office to the telephones near users. This is also widely installed for use in business and corporation Ethernet and other types of local area network. Coaxial cable is called coaxial this is because this includes one physical channel that carries the signal surrounded (after a layer of insulation) by another concentric physical channel, both running along the same axis. The outer channel serves as a ground. Many of these cables or pairs of coaxial tubes can be placed in a single outer sheathing and, with repeaters, they can carry information for a great distance. This is a diagram shown below: UPT UPT stands for Unshielded twisted pair. This cable is the most common kind of copper telephone wiring. Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other. Each signal on twisted pair requires both wires. Since some telephone sets or desktop locations require multiple connections, twisted pair is sometimes installed in two or more pairs, all within a single cable. For some business locations, twisted pair is enclosed into a shield that functions as a ground. This is known as shielded twisted pair (STP). The twisted pair is now frequently installed with the two pairs to the home, with the extra pair making it possible for you to add another line (perhaps for use of a modem) when you will need it. These twisted pair comes with each pair uniquely colour coded when it is packaged in multiple pairs. Different uses such as analogue, digital, and Ethernet require different pair multiples. Although twisted pair is often associated with home use, with a higher grade of twisted pair is often used for horizontal wiring in LAN installations because it is less expensive than coaxial cable. The wire that you buy at a local hardware store for extensions from your phone or computer modem to a wall jack is not twisted pair. It is a side-by-side wire known as silver satin. The wall jack can have as many five kinds of hole arrangements or pin outs, depending on what kinds of wire the installation you expects that will be plugged in (for example, digital, analogue, or LAN) . (Thats why you may sometimes find when you carry your notebook computer to another location that the wall jack connections wont match your plug. ) This is a diagram shown below: Optical Fiber. Optical fiber (or fiber optic) refers to the medium and the technology associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber. Optical fiber carries much more information than the conventional copper wire and is in general not subject to electromagnetic interference and the need to retransmit signals. Most telephone company long-distance lines are now of optical fiber. Transmission on optical fiber wire requires repeaters at distance intervals. The glass fiber requires more protection within an outer cable than copper. For these reasons and because the installation of any of the new wiring is labour-intensive, few communities yet have optical fiber wires or cables from the phone companys branch office to local customers (known as local loops). A type of fiber known as single mode fiber is used for longer distances; multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. This is the diagram shown below: By analyzing and researching the three above cable I would recommend the Fiber Optic cable this is because I believe it has a high security and also has the following. Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they can carry more data. Â  Fiber optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference. Fiber optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. Data can be transmitted digitally (the natural form for computer data) rather than analogically. Identify the alternative forms of communication media and provide examples of their use in different forms of network. Microwave Microwave frequencies require a direct line of sight between sending and receiving station to operate. Microwave systems were the preferred method of communications transmission before the introduction of fiber optic. Radio The lowest-frequency domain that needed to name. This extends from wavelengths of a kilometre or so, the longest that will propagate through the interstellar medium, down to about a millimetre. The detection of radio radiation is often done using wave techniques rather than photon-counting, this is because of the low photon energies, and this offers distinct advantages for such applications as interferometer which astronomers working in the infrared and optical regimes view with some envy. From active nuclei, we often detect the synchrotron radiation in this range radiation produced energetic charged particles (mostly electrons) produce when they are deflected by the magnetic fields. a) Define the basic signal theory with the aid of diagrams? 1) In electronics, a signal is an electric current or electromagnetic field that is used to convey data from one place to another. The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is switched on and off; this is the principle by which the early telegraph worked. More complex signals consist of an alternating-current (AC) or electromagnetic carrier that contains one or more data streams. Data is superimposed on a carrier current or a wave this is by means of a process called a modulation. Signal modulation can be done by two main ways: analogue and digital. In recent years, digital modulation has been getting more common, while analogue modulation methods have been used less and less. There are still plenty of analogue signals around, however, and they will probably never become totally extinct. Except for DC signals such as telegraph and base band, all signal carriers have a definable frequency or frequencies. Signals also have a property called wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the frequency. 2) In some information technology contexts, a signal are simply that which is sent or received, thus including both the carrier and the data together. 3) In telephony, a signal has a special data that is used to set up or control communication. Almost everything in the world can be described or represented in one of two forms: analogue or digital. The principal feature of analogue representations is that they are continuous. In contrast, digital representations consist of values measured at discrete intervals. Digital watches are called digital because they go from one value to the next without displaying all intermediate values. Consequently, they can display only a finite number of times of the day. In contrast, watches with hands are analogue, this is mainly because the hands move continuously around the clock face. As the minute hand goes around, it not only touches the numbers 1 through 12, but also the infinite number of points in between. Early attempts at building computers used analogue techniques, but the accuracy and reliability were not good enough. Today, almost all computers are digital. Analogue and Digital Technology Analogue and Digital are the words we hear when people talk about Communication and Information Technology. What do the words Analogue and Digital mean? Analogy means a likeness between two things that are really quite different. For example the analogy between the brain and the computer or the heart and a pump. Digit means either a finger or toe, or one of the numbers 1 to 9. Some examples might help to explain what analogue and digital mean in technology. A simple example of analogue and digital technology Clocks are examples of analogue and digital technology. An analogue clock face can display the time without numbers. The hands keep moving all the time and they continue to rotate, just like the earth around the sun. This is the analogy between the movement of the sun and earth, and the hands of the clock. The digital clock displays the time in numbers, and the time displayed only changes at each minute. In the analogue clock the hands keep moving all the time, while the digital clock is more like an on and off movement. Each minutes the time moves and then stops for another 60 seconds, when it changes again. Some other examples of displaying information using analogue and digital forms. b) How the signal theory affects the choice of transmission methods and media? Analogue and Digital Signals Sound can be converted into analogue and digital electrical signals. Analogue Signal A microphone or handset of a telephone will convert sound into an analogue signal. The shape of the wave seen on an oscilloscope represents the volume and pitch. The diagram is shown below: This is called an analogue signal because, when the volume and pitch change, so does the shape of the wave. The signal is an analogue of the sound. Digital signal Today we see many sound systems described as digital. This means the sound is converted into digital signals so it can be transmitted or recorded. In the microphone example shown on the diagram above, the analogue signal is converted into a digital signal by electronic circuits. In a digital signal the electricity, this can be either on or off, is combined with a binary code. The voltage of the analogue signal is measured electronically, many thousands of times per second, by an analogue-digital converter. The analogue signal is converted into a 16 bit binary number, which gives 65,536 levels of voltage. In electronics 1 = ON and 0 = OFF. This means the binary number can be converted into an electrical signal. A diagram below shows the process of converting analogue signals into a binary numbers and digital signals. To keep the explanation simple the analogue signal has been converted into a 3 bit binary number, which means there are seven voltage levels. A digital-analogue converter reverses the conversion this is because the speakers (output device) need an analogue signal. Light and sound can be converted into binary numbers and digital signals that are used to record and transmit information. This diagram is shown below: Why are digital systems better than the analogue ones? An analogue signal is affected by changes in the voltage as it travels along a wire. If the voltage changes, so does the signal at the output. The digital signal is not affected by changes in the voltage this is because all that matters is whether it is ON or OFF. How signal affects transmission methods? Noise is any sound on the CD or record that wasnt there at the performance during the recording session. More generally, it is any unwanted signal that adds on to the information that is being transmitted. When a vinyl record is being made, noise is introduced at every step of the recording process, although of course the company makes an every effort to reduce such noise to as low a level as possible. The sound that reaches the microphones is converted into an electrical signal that is then recorded on a wide magnetic tape moving at high speed. This tape is then used to control the cutting of a master disc, from which moulds are then made. These in turn are used to mass-produce the records that are eventually sold in shops. Noise is produced at every step, not forgetting that introduced by your own stereo equipment. It can never be entirely eliminated. The same problems of noise are shared by any method of transmitting information, and are certainly by telecommunications, including telephone calls. In the production of vinyl records, the companies have used purely analogue this means to transfer the information representing the sound of the music from one point to another. That means they use an electrical signal that changes smoothly in strength, exactly modelling the smooth but complex changes in the sound. When a noise is created in the recording process because of tape hiss, dust on the master disc, electrical interference or any other cause this is added on as a random signal on top of the complex electrical signal representing the sound. There is no way that electronic equipment can tell such random noise from the original electrical signal, so there is no way it can be removed again without removing some of the original signal. We can see more clearly if we draw a graph of the level of the analogue audio signal over a period of time (diagram 1a). The shape of this graph represents both the changes in the electrical sound and the changes in the electrical signal that model it. Now if we add to this audio signal some random noise, this affects the shape of the signal, and this degrades the sound that your stereo reproduces (diagram 1b). The trouble with an analogue audio signal is that its exact shape has to be preserved if you are to hear the music exactly as it was when it was played. If there were a means of transmitting the signal so that only the overall shape of the signal mattered, then noise would not be so important. The port authorities used to find the shape of the bottom of the harbour, so that ships could navigate more safely. It certainly wasnt possible to drain the harbour and take a photograph of it, so what they did instead was send out a boat which travelled slowly across the harbour. Every few meters a person at the back of the boat dropped down a plumb-line (a weight at the end of a rope), until it reached the bottom of the harbour. The line had knots tied in it at regular spaces and the person called out the number of knots under water, so indicating the depth of the harbour at that point. A clerk wrote these down, and eventually it was possible for him to draw a graph of the shape of the harbour by using these numbers. The person in the boat had been taking samples of the depth of the harbour at frequent intervals, so that the graph would accurately describe the ups and downs of the harbour bottom.

Racial Profiling: An American Crisis Essay -- Racism, Prejudice Essays

The concept of racial profiling has been given many different definitions. According to the American Civil Liberties Union, racial profiling refers to â€Å"the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.† Everyday, people fall victim to racial profiling. Some people argue that racial profiling is a necessary and practical form of law enforcement. Others deny its entire existence. Sadly, racial profiling does exist, and it plagues our nation. Unfortunately stopping racial profiling completely is very difficult. Police are people and will fall victim to stereotypes and assumptions. That said, we must acknowledge the fact that racial profiling is unconstitutional. It violates the 4th amendment which guarantees the right to be safe from unreasonable search and seizure without probable cause, and the 14th amendment which requires that all citizens be t reated equally under the law. The practice of racial profiling also contradicts one of the most well known phrases in the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.† Racial profiling has its roots in the older technique of criminal profiling. Criminal profiling became popular in the middle of the twentieth century when it was successfully used by a psychiatrist to find a serial bomber. Then, in the 1960’s and 1970’s, after a rash of airplane hijackings or â€Å"skyjackings†, experts used similar techniques to form a profile for sky jackers. They taught airline personnel to look out for a list of 25 different characteristics; none which were related to a particular race or ethnic group. Unfortunately, the pr... ...reated a law that makes it a state crime to be in the state illegally, allows police to arrest or fine a person who fails to provide U.S. identification, and allows police to detain anyone who they suspect to be an illegal alien. While supporters argue that the law is necessary, critics believe that the new law will open the door for racial profiling. And if this is true, Arizona’s 1.7 million residents of Hispanic or Latino origin are potential victims. Racial profiling doesn’t just exist today, it thrives. It is used by law enforcement everyday even though it is both unjust and unconstitutional. Not only does it violate the core principles of this country, but it can be dangerous. It threatens our national security and, on a deeper level, racial profiling is a threat to racial equality, something that the people of the United States have fought to achieve.

Cultural Misunderstandings Essay

Are you drinking plenty of fluids? Patient thoughts: I wonder why he is asking me that, what it is with these people and water I don’t like the water here. It’s too cold. I don’t know what’s wrong with people here that they drink that. Really And what happens when you drink the cold water? Patients thoughts: What does he mean, what happens? Everyone knows that drinking cold water is not good for you. Maybe I should see a different doctor. I hate cold water; I put it in the microwave to heat it up before I can drink it. In this case, the cultural misunderstanding occurred when the doctor failed to understand that some cultures learn and believe from an early age that drinking cold water can be detrimental to the body and they are discouraged from drinking it (Fauzi, 2008). This resulted in the patient becoming dehydrated because he was hesitant to drink the tap water as it was much cooler that they were used to. The patient found it inconvenient or impossible to heat water up at work or at school where there was no access to a microwave, so he just didn’t drink at all. Even without this knowledge, the doctor could go on to make suggestions of other liquids besides cold water that he could substitute to keep him well hydrated. However, knowing this information could have prevented him from making the patient feel awkward or uncomfortable. These misunderstandings cross over into the psychotherapeutic process as well. Misunderstandings happen from many reasons including but not limited to a lack of cultural knowledge, and inability or desire to see and understand differences in others as well as in ourselves. Specific clinicians, known as Universalist clinicians tackle these issues under the pretense that these cultural differences should remain out of the spotlight when it comes to psychotherapy. They believe in highlighting similarities rather than differences and feel that if general factors are present, therapy will have a positive outcome regardless of ethnicity, context or race. They basically choose to overlook the cultural differences. One the other side of the fence we have Particularist clinicians , which in sharp contrast to the universalists believe that cultural differences have a significant impact on individual experiences. They feel that these factors strongly determine how people define themselves as well as how they relate to others (Marcos, 1979). They view these differences as insurmountable obstacles and recommend that clients seek out therapists of their own cultural background in order to be successful in treatment. The type of clinician, known as the trancendist clinician, recognizes the importance of bringing cultural differences to the forefront and developing specific plans of action to do so. From their perspective it is felt that these differences can be â€Å"transcended†, or simply put, that clinicians can develop cultural competencies allowing them to effectively provide treatment strategies to clients from many different backgrounds other than their own (Angelou, 2012). It’s pretty clear that psychotherapy today adheres to a more trancendist perspective when developing and working through treatment plans for clients with diverse cultural backgrounds. There are several recommendations on how to effectively address culturally diverse clients. First , clinicians and professionals should view cultural differences as dynamic, complex, and subjective There are some very obvious characteristics such as accents , color of skin, or socioeconomic status that can be immediately categorized as culturally different, but the how they are interpreted or what these  differences mean are subjective. Beyond this , cultural differences are very complex , including a multitude of variables ( age , gender, language, religion, education level ) and it is crucial to consider all these factors when determining how they come together to define someone’s identity. Finally, perceptions of the therapist as well as the client are what constitute cultural differences as dynamic as opposed to static. As therapist and client progress through treatment what was once considered a cultural difference may fade into the background as other issues and factors come to the surface (Angelou, 2012). In this respect , therapist are encouraged to constantly explore how meanings can change , rather than operate on the pretense that once the cultural difference is defined and understood , that it is no longer necessary to explore. Another way to reduce cultural misunderstandings is to address similarities before discussing cultural differences. Clients and therapist may not only differ on many cultural attributes, but may also share some of those cultural characteristics. A helpful approach would be to identify commonalities before delving into the differences. This could be extremely beneficial to the client, and the therapist’s knowledge of similarities may help reduce a client anxiety or ambivalence. It also serves to build rapport, making the client feel more secure and accepting about sharing information and getting to the root of underlying issues. Cultural differences should be addressed as assets. Unfortunately many people from culturally diverse backgrounds have experienced how the majority misconstrues their differences as deficits. In the U.S. alone , members of a non dominant groups , such as anything but Caucasian, homosexual, disabled, non Christian, and female to cite a few, are often viewed as deficient, whereas male heterosexual white Christians are viewed in a more favorable light. Whenever possible, clinicians should make attempts to study how these differences relate to the client’s strengths, rather than perceiving them as weaknesses. Many of us value differences and consider them assets; however this is sometimes a harder message to convey during therapy considering the way that people view differences from dominant groups as a problem. Although there are many different ways to address the issue of reducing cultural misunderstandings, the last one I will identify may be the most important. It is imperative to have a well versed, culturally competent therapist. There are three common dimensions to this. First and most obvious, the therapist attitude and beliefs about cultural different individuals set the stage for the success of the psychotherapy. Clinicians should deeply explore their feelings about prejudices and cultural biases before attempting to move forward with the treatment of a culturally diverse client. There are many different avenues a therapist can take to become more culturally competent such as reading and education, seeking out advice or supervision from more culturally competent colleagues, attending cultural events and exposing one’s self to people of different cultures. A willingness as well as a genuine desire to learn about different cultures is important as well as the understanding tha t this learning can be a lifelong process. References Angelou, M. (2012). Addressing cultural differences in the psychotheraputic process . Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/50449_ch_4.pdf Fauzi, S. (2008). Doctor meets patient: The effect of cultural memory on the medical interview. Retrieved from http://www.uta.edu/modl/cultural-constructions/200705/html/fauzi.html Marcos, L. R. (1979). Effects of interpreters on the evaluation of psychotherapy in non-English-speaking patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 171-174.

Personal, Organizational and Cultural Values Essay

Personal, organizational and cultural values are common approach to understand conflict or success in today global business environment. With the increasingly globalized economy and climate of multicultural workforce, organizations is continuously implementing and establishing desired core values to remain competitive. This paper will discuss how one can reconcile personal, organizational and cultural values in global settings. Personal values develop when the individual start to interact within family, school or religious organization. The followings are considered the core personal values in my life personally: goals oriented, respect, caring and trustworthy. Personal values will always be the foundation for each individual path of life. They are personal belief and philosophy for one to live by. Personal values shape our choices, impact the decision about our ability and how to treat ourselves and others. Experiences and interactions with external units influence the values people deem important to them. Personal values become a personal direction for people on how to live their lives. Ghosh (2008) explains â€Å"The individual’s cognitive moral development stage determines how an individual thinks about ethical dilemmas, his or her process of deciding what is right and wrong in a situation. †(Ghosh, 2008). Organizational values are established rules and polices that each organization believes to be acceptable and logic, professional and practical. Organizational values also provide a basis for employee decision making in the workplace. In my professional career, I have always set my goals to develop the following core organizational values: loyalty, reliability, hard work and commitment. Fenton (2007) explains: â€Å"when organizations articulate their values, they take what are thought to be shared, stable, and deeply held beliefs and communicate them as standards to guide decisions and actions, often with the intent of increasing productivity, improving efficiencies, and acting socially responsible. † (Fenton, 2007). Findings in a Deloitte and Touche Ethics and Workplace survey also reveal the critically important influence that management and supervisors have in promoting ethical workplace behavior by all workers. (Verschoor, 2007). The above mentioned survey explains: â€Å"Management and leadership have a huge responsibility in setting examples for their organizations and living the values they preach if they want to sustain a culture of ethics. † (Verschoor, 2007) Similar to personal values, cultural values are deep-rooted since childhood. Cultural values are developed in social heritage, traditions and reflect psychological, religious or spiritual, and moral experiences. Cultural Values are closely related to personal values since they are developed from the individual tradition, heritage and origin. Cultural values differ in several levels: ethnicity, religion, organization. Different cultures interpret moral and values differently therefore, affect individual interactions in many level. The influence of cultural values has a significant impact on how people and organizations operate and make their decisions. Cultural values affect actions in both personal and organizational level Verschoor, C. (2007) survey also found that more than 91% of working adults are more likely to behave ethically at work when they have a good balance between their job and their personal life. It was said that quality of an employee’s personal life strongly influences job satisfaction and related productivity, the 2007 Deloitte and Touche Ethics and Workplace survey shows that work-life balance also promotes ethical behavior in the (Verschoor, 2007) Values are energizing, motivating and inspiring. When people care passionate about something they will urge themselves with achievement Instilling and maintaining a values-oriented approach to ethics in the workplace, together with giving greater attention to related work-life balance issues, should remain at the top of the agenda of organizations. Employee fulfillment is essential to customer satisfaction, good quality, high productivity, low turnover, and other factors that lead to superior corporate financial performance (Verschoor, 2007) Employees make decisions in the workplace often reflecting value judgment and having ethical connotations. Corporate values are often used interchangeably with the concept of corporate culture. The usual paradigm is that corporations with strong positive cultures have institutionalized a set of corporate values. These values help employees identify with the organization and develop a commitment to its goals (Ghosh, 2008). In conclusion, personal and cultural values have become core elements in today global economy. Organizations calculate and implement these core values with the intent to improve efficiency and productivity, and establish organizational values and standards to communicate to all employees. Personal and cultural values have a major effect in people lives and interactions, and clearly work performance. To be able to find a balance between organizational values and personal, cultural values is the solution to career fulfillment and life satisfaction.

Space Debris Problem

Space Debris Problem Abstract Apart from the looming climate change and global warming, the world is facing a disaster in her space infrastructure, if space debris continues to fill the orbit. Records from NASA shows that, over 19,000 of debris, which are more than 1 cm in size, have been tracked, but more is believed to exist that cannot be observed. Areas of great concern to astronauts are the Lower earth orbit and the geostationary earth orbit. This calls for hastening of mitigation measures to stop their increase and remove the space debris (Remer 1). Introduction The modern world stands to face various challenges if manmade objects orbiting the earth are not safeguarded. It is in this spirit that space surveillance networks have been established to track space debris or junks that may cause collisions to space orbits.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Space Debris Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States has been credited with space debris tracking as the world tries to elude repercussions that may be associated with the ever increasing space junks (Remer 1). The world has witnessed several cases of space collisions, for example, the collision between a privately owned U.S. satellite (iridium) and a dead Russian satellite, on the 12, February, 2009. This collision led to destruction of both satellites and subsequent creation of more debris in the earth’s orbit. These additional junks are of great concern to astronauts as they can lead to further collisions with orbiting satellites. This research paper will explore space debris in detail, by defining it, why and where they are a problem, as well as how to track and mitigate their growth (Remer 1). Space Debris Space Debris, also known as Space junks are objects made by man that orbit the earth and are of no use in space. These particles usually orbit the earth and may cause concern when they meet a functioning satellite of spacec raft. The most recent estimation pieces of space debris as of 22nd March 2011, by NASA is 22000. This is quite frightening as these are the traceable space junks, and gives a clue on how much is untraceable. Such facts show how much the world is at risk of witnessing more collisions, which would worsen the situation (David 1). Another recent occurrence was the destroyed Chinese satellite which nearly caused collision with ESA’s (European Space Agency) satellite. It is claimed by orbital debris experts that the two mentioned collisions alone increased space debris by about 50% (David 1). Space debris refers to the various particles that get discarded in the earth’s orbits by manmade objects. They include bolts, nuts, collision discards, slag, rocket motors, paint flakes, dust and coolants from satellites, among other materials that litter the earth’s orbit. These materials orbit around the earth and pose great danger to satellites. These particles also have the p ropensity to erode parts of spacecrafts and satellite, leading to more fragments in pace. Probability of collision with spacecraft tends to increase as more objects are discarded in the orbits since they overlap spacecraft trajectories. The earth’s orbit is divided into two, the high and low earth orbits. These orbits are all polluted by space debris and flight engineers are tasked with the responsibility of tracking them to avoid further collisions (Remer 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why space debris is a problem Space debris, as has been stated above consist of the fragments, and discards from objects such as satellites and spacecrafts in space. These particles can erode parts of the spacecrafts and satellites on collision and have the capability of causing damage to the body of the objects traversing space. Since these particles cannot be traced all as may be desired, let alone taking them out of the orbit. They cause collision dangers to other satellites and spacecrafts in the orbit and have the potential of increasing debris in space, which would increase the likelihood of collision and hence affect the normal operation of space objects that are of great importance to the earth. Weather and satellite information received from space are important to science, communication, aviation and astronomy (Remer 1. Areas of concern Several countries are already exploring ways of removing space debris from the orbits; this is because of rise in concerns on their space infrastructure. One of the areas of great importance in space is the (GEO) geostationary orbit, which is uniquely place for satellites that can orbit at the same rate as that of the earth. In essence the satellites tend to be stationary, relative to the earth’s rotation. This makes it unique for weather and communication satellites which are the basis of space scien ce (Remer 1). Another area of concern is the pollution of LEO (Low Earth Orbit). This is mainly because the universal orbits are few and it is these universal orbits that can keep spacecrafts on specific rings. The layout of LEO satellites also make it difficult as they are place in numerous orbital planes. In addition, even though high altitudes tend to have fewer satellites, orbital decay is very slow (in millennia), and this makes it a prospective cause of concern in the future as the debris reaches their threshold (Whipple 517). Tracking space debris Given the high risk caused by space debris, several measures have been taken to ensure they are observable so as to help in avoiding collision. To achieve this, various technological researches have been carried out and special detectors developed for tracking purposes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Space Debris Problem specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Th ese equipments include optical and radar detectors such as lasers and transit telescopes, among others. However, the use of these devices is limited as they can on trace objects of limited sizes. Another problem facing tracking of space debris include stability of such tiny debris in the orbit, this makes determination of orbits for (res of such satellites used are the EURECA satellite which was recovered by STS-57 Endeavor. Moreover, debris can be tracked using Gabbard diagrams. When satellite breakups occur, the group fragments that break are usually studied using Gabbard diagrams. Gabbard diagrams are scatter plots which use the altitudes of debris against orbital period to ascertain the points of collision as well as the directions taken after collision. These, method have limitations, especially with smaller space debris which are unstable in the orbits and tiny (Whipple 517). Mitigation Various countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, Russia, France and the likeâ⠂¬â„¢s have made several steps to counter the increasing danger caused by space debris increase. These steps include research studies on how to reduce manmade objects from the orbit, campaigns to raise awareness of the danger posed by these space junks, steps to mitigate growth of space debris, designing satellites that are capable of moving out of the orbits after use, also known as self-removal orbits. The other method is external removal, which is currently underway in its five-year implementation plan. In external removal, several ideas are still emerging with in-depth research being conducted to come up with the best way of removing space debris from the orbit. The current close call events tracked weekly is estimated at 13,000 and is expected to increase. According to Lewis, a researcher, the coming decade will present another 50% rise in space debris, with another estimation of four times increase by the year 2050 (Remer 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mitigation of debris Growth These research findings have made it a priority to unearth ways of mitigating space debris. In growth mitigation, a number of proposals have been studied, some of which were successful, and these include change in Delta boosters, which eliminated their debris contribution. In 2007, United Nations Committee (COPUOS) published guidelines that were voluntary to countries wishing to minimize increase in debris. Several agencies such as ESA, NASA and ISO, among others have also implemented ways that would mitigate on debris creation. Robotic capture has also been proposed in this line, to mitigate growth (Remer 1). Self removal Requirements for GEO satellites to have the capability of removing themselves once they become useless have been proposed by ITU, to achieve this, adequate fuel would be required to power these satellites to their decaying orbits. Suggestions have also emerged to de-orbit satellites and tethering them for rolling after its lifetime has ended (Whipple 517). External removal It is in this method that there have been proposals to remove the debris from their orbits by various methods such as aerogel, unmanned space vehicles, laser booms and space shuttles among others. Most of these methods are still under studies, and their implementations are yet to take stage. Furthermore, the space shuttle accident that occurred has contributed heavily to the slowed development this process (Whipple 517). Summary Space debris has increasingly caused concern to most countries of the world, such as United States, European and Asian countries, among others. They have the propensity to erode body parts of spacecrafts and satellites when they collide as well as create more debris in the orbit which would increase the chances of other collisions. These objects are usually manmade materials discarded in the orbit or dead satellites. Areas that require high alert are the LEO and GEO which have many satellites and stationed targets respec tively. Flight engineers and space agencies have stationed various tracking devices like optical and radar detectors, among others, used to track space debris. These devices are however limited to debris of sizes1cm and above, leaving several tiny debris unchecked. Various methods have been proposed to help mitigate growth of debris, as well as remove them from the orbit. Much effort still continues to be placed on space safety (Remer 1). Conclusion Space debris is increasingly filling the earth’s orbit, with prediction putting it at four times its present value by 2050. To avoid rampant collision, much should be done to mitigate its growth and remove the existing debris (Remer 1). David, Leonard. â€Å"Space Junk Mess Getting Messier in Orbit†. Space.com. 23.02.2011. 28.04.2011. https://www.space.com/7956-space-junk-mess-messier-orbit.html Remer, Lorraine. â€Å"Space Debris†. Earth Observatory. 12.09.2009.28.04.2011. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/4 0173/space-debris Whipple, Fred. â€Å"The Theory of Micrometeorites†. Popular Astronomy, Volume 57, 1949, p. 517.

How to Write a Short Story 9 Steps from a Best Selling Author

How to Write a Short Story 9 Steps from a Best Selling Author How to Write a Short Story That Captivates Your Reader Why? Because it reveals many of the obstacles, dilemmas, and questions you’ll face when creating fiction of any length. If you find these things knotty in a short story, imagine how profound they would be in a book-length tale. Most writers need to get a quarter million clichà ©s out of their systems before they hope to sell something. And they need to learn the difference between imitating their favorite writers and emulating their best techniques. Mastering even a few of the elements of fiction while learning the craft will prove to be quick wins for you as you gain momentum as a writer. I don’t mean to imply that learning how to write a short story is easier than learning how to write a novel- only that as a neophyte you might find the process more manageable in smaller bites. So let’s start at the beginning. Need help fine-tuning your writing?Click here to download my free self-editing checklist. What Is a Short Story? Don’t make the mistake of referring to short nonfiction articles as short stories. In the publishing world, short story always refers to fiction. And short stories come varying shapes and sizes: Traditional: 1,500-5000 words Flash Fiction: 500-1,000 words Micro Fiction: 5 to 350 words Is there really a market for a short story of 5,000 words (roughly 20 double-spaced manuscript pages)? Some publications and contests accept entries that long, but it’s easier and more common to sell a short story in the 1,500- to 3,000-word range. And on the other end of the spectrum, you may wonder if I’m serious about short stories of fewer than 10 words (Micro Fiction). Well, sort of. They are really more gimmicks, but they exist. The most famous was Ernest Hemingway’s response to a bet that he couldn’t write fiction that short. He wrote: For sale: baby shoes. Never worn. That implied a vast backstory and deep emotion. Writing a compelling short story is an art, despite that they are so much more concise than novels. Which is why I created this complete guide: 9 Steps to Writing a Great Short Story Read as Many Great Short Stories as You Can Find Aim for the Heart Narrow Your Scope Make Your Title Sing Use the Classic Story Structure Suggest Backstory, Dont Elaborate When in Doubt, Leave it Out Ensure a Satisfying Ending Cut Like Your Storys Life Depends on It Step 1. Read as Many Great Short Stories as You Can Find Read hundreds of them- especially the classics. You learn this genre by familiarizing yourself with the best. See yourself as an apprentice. Watch, evaluate, analyze the experts, then try to emulate their work. Soon you’ll learn enough about how to write a short story that you can start developing your own style. A lot of the skills you need can be learned through osmosis. Where to start? Read Bret Lott, a modern-day master. (He chose one of my short stories for one of his collections.) Reading two or three dozen short stories should give you an idea of their structure and style. That should spur you to try one of your own while continuing to read dozens more. Remember, you won’t likely start with something sensational, but what you’ve learned through your reading- as well as what you’ll learn from your own writing- should give you confidence. You’ll be on your way. Step 2. Aim for the Heart The most effective short stories evoke deep emotions in the reader. What will move them? The same things that probably move you: Love Redemption Justice Freedom Heroic sacrifice What else? Step 3. Narrow Your Scope It should go without saying that there’s a drastic difference between a 450-page, 100,000-word novel and a 10-page, 2000-word short story. One can accommodate an epic sweep of a story and cover decades with an extensive cast of characters. The other must pack an emotional wallop and tell a compelling story with a beginning, a middle, and an end- with about 2% of the number of words. Naturally, that dramatically restricts your number of characters, scenes, and even plot points. The best short stories usually encompass only a short slice of the main character’s life- often only one scene or incident that must also bear the weight of your Deeper Question, your theme or what it is you’re really trying to say. Tightening Tips If your main character needs a cohort or a sounding board, don’t give her two. Combine characters where you can. Avoid long blocks of description; rather, write just enough to trigger the theater of your reader’s mind. Eliminate scenes that merely get your characters from one place to another. The reader doesn’t care how they got there, so you can simply write: Late that afternoon, Jim met Sharon at a coffee shop†¦ Your goal is to get to a resounding ending by portraying a poignant incident that tell a story in itself and represents a bigger picture. Step 4. Make Your Title Sing Work hard on what to call your short story. Yes, it might get changed by editors, but it must grab their attention first. They’ll want it to stand out to readers among a wide range of competing stories, and so do you. Step 5. Use the Classic Story Structure Once your title has pulled the reader in, how do you hold his interest? As you might imagine, this is as crucial in a short story as it is in a novel. So use the same basic approach: Plunge your character into terrible trouble from the get-go. Of course, terrible trouble means something different for different genres. In a thriller, your character might find himself in physical danger, a life or death situation. In a love story, the trouble might be emotional, a heroine torn between two lovers. In a mystery, your main character might witness a crime, and then be accused of it. Don’t waste time setting up the story. Get on with it. Tell your reader just enough to make her care about your main character, then get to the the problem, the quest, the challenge, the danger- whatever it is that drives your story. Step 6. Suggest Backstory, Don’t Elaborate You don’t have the space or time to flash back or cover a character’s entire backstory. Rather than recite how a Frenchman got to America, merely mention the accent he had hoped to leave behind when he emigrated to the U.S. from Paris. Don’t spend a paragraph describing a winter morning. Layer that bit of sensory detail into the narrativeby showing your character covering her face with her scarf against the frigid wind. Step 7. When in Doubt, Leave it Out Short stories are, by definition, short. Every sentence must count. If even one word seems extraneous, it has to go. Step 8. Ensure a Satisfying Ending This is a must. Bring down the curtain with a satisfying thud. In a short story this can often be accomplished quickly, as long as it resounds with the reader and makes her nod. It can’t seem forced or contrived or feel as if the story has ended too soon. In a modern day version of the Prodigal Son, a character calls from a taxi and leaves a message that if he’s allowed to come home, his father should leave the front porch light on. Otherwise, he’ll understand and just move on. The rest of the story is him telling the cabbie how deeply his life choices have hurt his family. The story ends with the taxi pulling into view of his childhood home, only to find not only the porch light on, but also every light in the house and more out in the yard. That ending needed no elaboration. We don’t even need to be shown the reunion, the embrace, the tears, the talk. The lights say it all. Step 9. Cut Like Your Story’s Life Depends on It Because it does. When you’ve finished your story, the real work has just begun. It’s time for you to become a ferocious self-editor. Once you’re happy with the flow of the story, every other element should be examined for perfection: spelling, grammar, punctuation, sentence construction, word choice, elimination of clichà ©s, redundancies, you name it. Also, pour over the manuscript looking for ways to engage your reader’s senses and emotions. All writing is rewriting. And remember, tightening nearly always adds power. Omit needless words. Examples: She shrugged her shoulders. He blinked his eyes. Jim walked in through the open door and sat down in a chair. The crowd clapped their hands and stomped their feet. Learn to tighten and give yourself the best chance to write short stories that captivate your reader. Where to Sell Your Short Stories Need help fine-tuning your writing?Click here to download my free self-editing checklist. 1. Contests Writing contests are great because the winners usually get published in either a magazine or online- which means instant visibility for your name. Many pay cash prizes up to $5,000. But even those that don’t offer cash give you awards that lend credibility to your next short story pitch. 2. Genre-Specific Periodicals Such publications cater to audiences who love stories written in their particular literary category. If you can score with one of these, the editor will likely come back to you for more. Any time you can work with an editor, you’re developing a skill that will well serve your writing. 3. Popular Magazines Plenty of print and online magazines still buy and publish short stories. A few examples: The Atlantic Harper’s Magazine Alfred Hitchcock’s Mystery Magazine The New Yorker Ellery Queen’s Mystery Magazine Woman’s World 4. Literary Magazines While, admittedly, this market calls for a more intellectual than mass market approach to writing, getting published in one is still a win. Here’s a list of literary magazine short story markets. 5. Short Story Books Yes, some publishers still publish these. They might consist entirely of short stories from one author, or they might contain the work of several, but usually tied together by theme. Regardless which style you’re interested in, remember that while each story should fit the whole, it must also work on its own, complete and satisfying in itself. What’s Your Short Story Idea? You’ll know yours has potential when you can distill its idea to a single sentence. You’ll find that this will keep you on track during the writing stage. Here’s mine for a piece I titled Midnight Clear(which became a movie starring Stephen Baldwin): An estranged son visits his lonely mother on Christmas Eve before his planned suicide, unaware she is planning the same, and the encounter gives them each reasons to go on. Need help fine-tuning your writing?Click here to download my free self-editing checklist. In the comments below, write the one-sentence essence of your short story.

1.Critically evaluate the claim that high commitment HRM leads to Essay

1.Critically evaluate the claim that high commitment HRM leads to improved levels of organisational performance - Essay Example There is an ever increasing trend for quality to be the major criterion that determines productivity, rather than a singular focus on costs which was the guiding principle prior to globalization. The new organizational approach therefore focuses on employee participation in decision making and a new set of human resource practices have evolved, focusing upon improvement in employee welfare through training, compensation and profit sharing, to motivate them in achieving this objective. These human resource practices are collectively referred to as high commitment HRM. In the present day competitive environment, people are viewed as an organization’s most valuable resource. While it may not be difficult for competitor companies to imitate products that are produced by one Company, it is next to impossible for one organization to imitate the people or replicate their skills. Human resource strategies within an organization are difficult to imitate because of path dependency, i,e, they are based upon organizational policies that have evolved over time. This is the reason why human resource management and its associated practices have come to be recognised as one of the most important factors that could impart a strategic advantage to an organization in competing in the global marketplace.(Boxall and Purcell, 2003). The scope of High Commitment HRM encompasses the notion of best practices in human resource management and the underlying premise is that there are some HR practices which have the potential to bring about improved organisational performance for all organisations (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005:72). According to Baron and Kreps (1999), high commitment HRM is characterized by three kinds of goals. Firstly, employees need to clearly understand what the best interests of their organization are and work towards the achievement of those ends. Secondly, in order to achieve these best interests, employees should also be flexible enough to